E-Business-Issues and Challenges Free Essays

E-Business †Issues and Challenges Ashmita Paul Abstract In today’s business atmosphere, e-business can affect each aspect of the association, including gracefully chain the board, renting, non-money installment, mail request trade or the ascent of administration economy. As said by Lou Gerstner, ex CEO of IBM, â€Å"E-business is about time cycle, speed, globalization, upgraded profitability, arriving at new clients and sharing information across foundations for serious advantage†. E-business is changing organizations and ventures, at a quickening rate. We will compose a custom article test on E-Business-Issues and Challenges or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Business cycles that used to be estimated in years are presently estimated in days. This paper manages the different issues of e-business just as the difficulties being confronted. Issues can be mechanical and non-innovative. Innovative issues explored incorporate media transmission, equipment, programming and the accessibility of specialized ranges of abilities. Non-innovative issues are frequently identified with protected innovation concerns, copyright, trademark, credit/money strategies and security. As organizations have held onto the web as a business medium, they have found that their greatest test isn't just building up network and framework yet is the sheltered and secure transmission and delicate data. This paper focussed on rising issues of e-business that are all the more high-up and harsh in creating and developing economies. An endeavor has additionally been made in the paper to illuminate the difficulties to e-business that are increasingly identified with reinforcing achievement factors, setting up hindrances to disappointment, decreasing boundaries to progress and battling the disappointment factors. Catchphrases: E-Business, Technological, Non-Technological, Challenges. Instructions to refer to E-Business-Issues and Challenges, Papers

How to Manage and Identify Pin Oak

Step by step instructions to Manage and Identify Pin Oak Pin oak or Quercus palustris is named for a trademark where little, slight, dead branches stick out like pins from the fundamental trunk. Pin oak is among the most broadly planted local oaks in the urban scene, the third most normal road tree in New York City. It endures dry spell, poor soils and is anything but difficult to transplant. It is famous as a result of an alluring shape and trunk. The green, gleaming leaves demonstrate splendid red to bronze fall shading. As a rule, the pin oak can endure wet destinations however be mindful so as to oversee watering and stay away from wet locales. Points of interest on Quercus Palustris Logical name: Quercus palustrisPronunciation: KWERK-us buddy US-trissCommon name(s): Pin OakFamily: FagaceaeUSDA solidness zones: USDA strength zones: 4 through 8AOrigin: local to North AmericaUses: enormous parking area islands; wide tree gardens; suggested for support strips around parking areas or for middle strip plantings in the parkway; tree has been effectively developed in urban zones where air contamination, poor waste, compacted soil, or potentially dry spell are normal. The Pin Oak Cultivars The lower branches on pin oak cultivars ‘Crown Right’ and ‘Sovereign’ don't develop down at a 45-degree edge as does the non-cultivar. This branch point can make the tree unmanageable in close urban settings. These cultivars are believed to be more qualified than the normal species as road and parking area trees. Be that as it may, unite contradiction frequently prompts future trunk disappointment on these cultivars. Portrayal of Pin Oak Tallness: 50 to 75 feetSpread: 35 to 40 feetCrown consistency: balanced shade with a standard (or smooth) outlineâ and people have pretty much indistinguishable crown formsCrown shape: pyramidalCrown thickness: moderateGrowth rate: mediumTexture: medium Leaf Details Leaf course of action: alternateLeaf type: simpleLeaf edge: lobed; partedLeaf shape: deltoid; oval; obovate; ovateLeaf venation: pinnateLeaf type and perseverance: deciduousLeaf edge length: 4 to 8 inches; 2 to 4 inchesLeaf shading: greenFall shading: copper; redFall trademark: pompous Trunk and Branches Can Be a Problem Trunk/bark/branches: bark is slim and effectively harmed from mechanical effect; hang as the tree develops and will require pruning for vehicular or person on foot freedom underneath the overhang; ought to be developed with a solitary leaderPruning necessity: needs small pruning to build up a solid structureBreakage: vulnerable to breakage either at the groin because of poor neckline arrangement or the wood itself is frail and tends to breakCurrent year twig shading: earthy colored; greenCurrent year twig thickness: dainty Pruning May Be Necessary Lower branches on a pin oak will require evacuation when utilized as a road or parking garage tree as they will in general hang and hold tight the tree. The industrious lower branches can be appealing on an ample enormous open yard as a result of its pleasant propensity when open-developed. The storage compartment is normally straight up through the crown, just at times building up a twofold pioneer. Prune any twofold or different pioneers out when they are perceived with a few prunings in the initial 15 to 20 years subsequent to planting. Pin Oak Environment Light necessity: tree develops in full sunSoil resistances: earth; topsoil; sand; acidic; expanded flooding; admirably drainedDrought resilience: moderateAerosol salt resilience: lowSoil salt resistance: poor Pin Oak - The Details Pin Oak grows pleasantly on clammy, corrosive soils and is open minded of compaction, wet soil, and urban conditions. At the point when developed in acidic soil, pin oak can be an attractive example tree. The lower branches will in general hang, center branches are flat and branches in the upper piece of the crown develop upstanding. The straight trunk and little, all around connected branches make Pin Oak an amazingly sheltered tree to plant in urban territories. It is incredibly vivacious as far south as USDA solidness zone 7b however may develop gradually in USDA strength zone 8a. It is delicate to soil pH over the high 6’s. It is water lenient and is local to stream banks and flood fields. Pin Oak develops well in regions where water represents half a month at once. One of the versatile instruments of Pin Oak is a stringy, shallow root framework which permits it to endure overflowed soil conditions. Be that as it may, likewise with some other tree, don't plant it in standing water or permit water to remain around the roots until the tree has gotten set up in the scene. Quite a long while are required subsequent to transplanting for the tree to build up this sort of versatile root framework, and exposing it to flooding too soon could murder it. Plant trees in a marginally raised hill or bed if theâ soil is ineffectively depleted.

College Athletic Recruiting

College Athletic Recruiting June 14, 2012 If youre hoping to swim in college, compare your best times to the swimmers at the colleges you intend to apply to. That doesnt mean you have to compare your times to Michael Phelps. Thatll only make you feel bad. So dont do that (photo credit: JD Lasica). One of the advantages of being a runner or a swimmer or even a golfer in the college athletic recruiting process is that applicants tend to know where they stand. As a male swimmer who goes a :58 in the 100 yard backstroke, his best event, isnt going to get any attention at Division 1 swimming programs. In the Ivy League, the Harvard coach isnt going to be interested in him and neither is the Dartmouth coach. Does that mean that this swimmer cant swim in college? Not necessarily. There are certainly some universities where this applicant can pursue a college swimming career likely just not in Division 1. A school like Brandeis or Middlebury might have interest, though even Middlebury might be a stretch. As a high school basketball player, you may have some idea of where you stand with college coaches but its not as cut and dry as swimming or running. There arent times in basketball. You cant just look at the data and see how you stack up. Its hard to compare one applicants jump-shot against another. Sure, there are coaches who make a living doing this, but, for the student, its easy to think your jump-shot and agility are much better than that shooting guard at the rival high school. So if youre a swimmer or a runner, compare your best times to the times at meets for the universities you intend to apply to. If youre a :56 100 yard breastroker and swimmers at Yale are going :55, :56, then youd fit in really well. If youre a 1:08 100 yard breastroker and swimmers at your dream school are going sub-:57, then you might want to seriously reconsider your plans on swimming at that college. Be realistic. Be objective. Scan through those meet results and youll see just where you stand in your dream schools coachs eyes. While youre here, check out this post on University Athletic Recruiting.

Modern Government vs. Second Amendment - 694 Words

Will outlawing handguns make the United States a safer home for its citizens? Due to random shootings and gun related massacres that have occurred in public places such as schools, many people believe so (Richman). Although this is a major problem that needs to be dealt with, artilleries are commonly used by law-abiding citizens just as much as felons. In fact, there are about 100,000 defensive gun uses every year (Huemer 47). Many people refer to the Second Amendment when arguing about gun control laws including radio host, Lars Larson, who believes that â€Å"this President wants to take away people’s rights to own the appropriate tool to repel an invader or invaders into their houses† (Richman). Banning firearms will not protect Americans because guns can save good people and criminals don’t follow restriction laws. Guns are a major means of defense for American citizens today. Some state governments, like California, have put a limit on how much ammunition a magazine can hold. The restriction to ten rounds that California has set out was never proven to reduce crime. Wilderness Unlimited CEO, Rick Copeland, admits that the new laws haven’t affected his hunting. He also says that, â€Å"creating laws that don’t change anything is just a big waste of time† (Richman). If this law does have an effect, than it is not a positive one. A woman in Atlanta once defended herself and her children from an intruder in their home with a revolver. Despite emptying all six rounds, theShow MoreRelatedHow America Should Perceive The Second Amendment Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagespeople debating how America should perceive the second amendment. Many view the second amendment as outdated, irrelevant, or possibly dangerous in today’s society. Others believe the founding fathers’ beliefs and reasons for including the right to bear arms are often misinterpreted resulting in a fight to protect its place in the Bill of Rights . The pushers for more gun laws and the NRA are in unending debate on whether or not the second amendment continues to be relevant today. In order to understandRead MoreEssay on Gun Ownership and the Second Amendment of the Constitution1624 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Second Amendment Over the centuries, the Supreme Court has always ruled that the 2nd Amendment protects the states militias rights to bear arms, and that this protection does not extend to individuals. In fact, legal scholars consider the issue settled law. For this reason, the gun lobby does not fight for its perceived constitutional right to keep and bear arms before the Supreme Court, but in Congress. Interestingly, even interpreting an individual right in the 2nd Amendment presentsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control928 Words   |  4 PagesThe other hand, Citizens continue to fight for their right to bear arms under the second amendment. According to Just facts.com, based on production data from firearm manufacturers, there were roughly 371 million firearms owned by private citizens and domestic law enforcement in the United States in 2014. Of these, about 146 million were handguns. (Agresti, Smith, Guerra). In the court case District of Columbia vs. Heller, a citizen complained that the sy stem had violated his right to bear arms.Read MoreEssay about First Amendment1306 Words   |  6 PagesFirst Amendment The modern American conception of freedom of speech comes from the principles of freedom of the press, and freedom of religion as they developed in England, starting in the seventeenth century. The arguments of people like John Milton on the importance of an unlicensed press, and of people like John Locke on religious toleration, were all the beginning for the idea of the â€Å"freedom of speech†. By the year of 1791, when the First Amendment was ratified, the idea of â€Å"freedomRead MoreNew Issue Of New Federalism1682 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as commitment to returning powers to the state governments. Proposed by President Ronald Reagan, who believed federal grants were just a scandal of imposing the federal interests on the states. Reagan believed that federal government would allow a more efficient government within the states and the nation. This reminded America of the main point now of the 10th amendment that because the states are created under the the federal government, it should work for the states, and not be overpoweredRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1636 Words   |  7 Pagescountry safer while upholding our constitutional gun ownership right. The second amendment does not ensure completely unregulated gun ownership. In the 2005 supreme court case, of District of Columbia vs. Heller, justice Scalia stated, â€Å"the right secured by the second amendment is not unlimited† (United). Similar to every other right, the supreme court interprets the meaning of every right. The judicial branch of the government holds to the right to regulate gun ownership based on what it believes isRead MoreGun Control Laws Limit Violent Crime1385 Words   |  6 Pagesin which the government placed restrictions on products and examine how ineffective they were. Furthermore, we can look at the absence of a correlation between strict gun control measures and reducing violent crime rates in US states. It is time to ensure that our Constitution is upheld to protect the ideals of American democracy. The proposal of restricting US citizens from purchasing firearms is invalid because they are protected to do so under the Constitution, strict go vernment regulations onRead MoreLowering the Voting Age to 181324 Words   |  6 Pagesin modern times. Others think that the youth population does not have a strong interest in politics, but that is also untrue, as it refers to the biased idea that interest in politics comes with maturity. On the other hand, many agree with the fact that young men are indeed as fit as anyone else to vote. The oppression of withholding a most important right was removed by the 26th amendment, thanks to these supporters of justice. The voting age was lowered to 18 by the 26th amendment, whichRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pageswritten constitution clearly limits the power of the government. Prohibiting the government from becoming dictators. The constitution of the United States clearly outlines how to protect the interests of the people and how to implement the equal protection clause. Having a written constitution in the United States is an advantage that guarantees freedom of speech and religious practices. The United States government has established itself as a government proficient in protecting the rights and libertiesRead MoreEssay about I Am An American1673 Words   |  7 PagesSince the 1800s, immigration has been considered a problem that is out of control in the United States. Government officials have claimed that the issue of birthright citizenship is the core of the dispute over immigration. To try and remedy this situation, holders of public office have held hearings and debates in an attempt to â€Å"redefine† what it means to be an American citizen. Birthright citizenship is the term used to refer to the citizenship that is granted to an individual who is born on

The Constitution Of The United States Essay - 932 Words

In 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, the framers of the Constitution of the United States of America worked together to identify the best way to elect the President (Patterson, 2013). The ideas suggested varied and ranged from selection by members of congress chosen by lottery, to a popular vote of the people. By the end of the Convention the matter had yet to be settled as the framers fore saw that many of the suggestions were prone to corruption, error, and were very chaotic. The issue was passed down to the Committee on Postponed Matters, who in turn created the system that is used today and is commonly known as Electoral College (Kazin, 2011). The Electoral College was outlined by the Committee to up hold the views of the founding fathers, who were the framers of the Constitution. The Committee on Postponed Matters was created on August 31, 1787, it took four days for them to make a proposal to the Constitutional Convention on the election process (Kazin, 2011). The proposed process included electors known as the Electoral College, each elector would have one electoral vote (Kazin, 2011). States would each have the same number of electoral votes as it had members in Congress (members in the Senate and in the House) (Kazin, 2011). However, the electors were to be selected by way of each states’ choosing as Congress members were prohibited from becoming electors (Patterson, 2013). The states would then hold a public vote for presidency and theShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basi c law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be held

The Component Activities for an Organization

Question: Identify the component activities for an organization of your choice then evaluate the performance objectives used by each and critically examine and suggest ways in which the performance could be improved? Answer: Chosen Organization Staples Australia and Staples New Zealand are part of the worlds largest office products company and a trusted source for office solutions. The company provides products, services and expertise in the categories of office supplies, technology solutions, business furniture, print solutions, promotional marketing, kitchen supplies and facility solutions. Staples has annual sales of $25 billion, ranking second in the world in e Commerce sales. The company is headquartered at Framingham, Massachusetts with 88,000 associates worldwide operating in 26 countries. Activities or nature of business at Staples A wide range of everyday business essentials providing the widest possible range of business essentials. The office products and consumables range has everything one needs including office paper, pens, stationery, shredders, binding and laminating, filing and storage, mail room supplies, toner cartridges, computer peripherals and more (Small Business 2011). Made it easy to choose sustainable products. Staples have over 4,000 products across all product lines that meet the classification. This classification means a supplier has met ethical sourcing requirements and the product meets one or more of the following criteria: 1. Recycled content - Products that contain at least 20% recycled materials. 2. Energy conservation/greenhouse benefit - Products that consume or use less energy to achieve the same results as standard comparable products and products that are able to demonstrate clear and significant energy savings in the manufacturing process. Staples Technology Solutions has everything one needs to stay connected and productive.One could get all the technology products he needs for his organization from a single provider. That is having access to dedicated technology specialists and one of the widest selections of technology products in the industry. Staples works closely with clients to choose the solutions that make sense for their organization. It is to comply with IT standards, hit sustainability goals and still stay on budget (Staples 2011). Staples assortment of technology products and services include: Everyday technology - From printers and tablets to mobile products and security items, Staples have the products one needs to stay connected and productive. Software licensing - Staples team of licensing specialists can help choose the right solution for your needs and maximize volume licensing spend (Claar, J. B., 1984). Data centre products - The products one needs to setup data centre and keep it running such as servers, storage, networking equipment and cables. Professional services - Staples strategic partners can also assist with the design and implementation of integrated solutions to leverage IT for ongoing business growth. Managed print services - Solutions to help control costs and improve performance, such as fleet assessment and management, nationwide maintenance service, installation and support programs, auto procurement of print supplies and flexible equipment leasing programs (Small Business 2011). Staples Business Furniture - With one of the largest ranges of office furniture in Australia, one can count on us to create the optimal workspace environment. Whether its office seating, desk solutions, metal filing or furniture accessories, Staples makes sure to have the product to suit your office needs. Canteen Catering - Staples has an extensive range of canteen, catering and kitchen supplies to stock boardrooms, canteens, staff kitchens, function centers, hotels and many more. Promotional Marketing - Whether one looking for a few special items for a trade show or an entire managed program, one can depend on us to provide a cost-effective solution for your organization. From graphic design, product concept and selection to development and final delivery, we take care of everything (Staples 2011). Focus of Business Staple focuses on sourcing the best quality products which are ergonomically designed, environmentally conscious and represent excellent value. Staples Brand chairs are renowned as being particularly affordable and of high quality. Majority of Staples chairs are produced in Australia, come with extensive warranties and have been accredited by the Australasian Furnishing Research and Development Institute (AFRDI). In addition, we won The Australian Business Award for Environmental Sustainability for 2012, demonstrating our ongoing commitment to reduce the companys impact on the environment (Mezirow, J. 1997). Strengths Ethics - They have trained existing associates on Staples Ethics program and its included in the induction process for new associates. They have implemented Staples Ethics program which included associates signing the Code of Ethics and related documents. They have the global companys ethics helpline, Staples Ethics Link, which serves as a 24/7 ethics resource. Associates can raise their concerns anonymously, either by phone or through our Ethics Link website, which is hosted by a third party and administered by our Global Ethics Office Community They have developed How we give guidelines, to help our communities, associates, and customers to understand and engage with us in our community giving. In 2011 associates participated in events including the Run 4 The Kids, Cerebral Palsy Challenge, Mothers Day Classic and the City to Gong Ride (Corporate Strategy 2010). Staples participated in the 2011 Choose A Charity program and will plan to continue in 2012. Environment - maintained ISO14001 certification. EMS was rolled out to the New Zealand sites in 2011. These sites were included in the Australian ISO14001 external audit, and we expect confirmation of the certification for the New Zealand sites in March (Staples, 2011). Diversity - promoted Employer of Choice for Women and initiatives in recruitment process. The sustainability issues which were considered as being the most material for Staples to address were: Ethical sourcing It is a process to ensure to the greatest degree possible that our suppliers abide by our Ethical Sourcing Policy which requires them to treat workers fairly and operate in a safe and environmentally sustainable manner. Product quality - It is a process to ensure that our products meet or exceed customers performance expectations. Employee satisfaction - It is processes to ensure associates are treated with dignity and respect, abiding by all employment laws, and supporting our associates professional development (Drucker, P. F., 1977). Sustainable procurement It is a process in which sourcing has to be recycled, non-toxic and renewable materials that are responsibly produced. Packaging - minimizing the amount of materials needed to package and distribute our products and selecting packaging materials that are better for the environment. Customer interest in sustainability - helping our customers reduces their own environmental impacts. Customer service - making it easy for customers to purchase the products and services they need at reasonable prices. Integrating Our Quality, Environment, and Safety Systems In 2012 we will develop and implement an Integrated Management System (IMS) to govern the areas of Health and Safety, Environmental Management and Quality Assurance. The IMS will allow us to simplify our current use of multiple management systems and optimize the use of our resources for maximum efficiencies. Some of the benefits of an IMS include: Provides a robust and rigorous system to reduce business risk and prioritize key issues Provides a focused systematic tool to help achieve business objectives Reduces duplication in processes and documentation while improving quality Improves clarity of regulatory obligations and compliance Greater consistency in the provision of products and services Increased operational efficiency and productivity (cost savings) Reduction in the amount of resources required to manage and implement the system Enhanced corporate awareness of system requirements Encourages associate multi-skilling Staples rely on the talents, strengths and commitment of its associates to deliver on its corporate goal to build a world-class selling organization. To help gain a comprehensive understanding of how well our associates are engaged and more importantly, the opportunities to drive further engagement, Staples launched a global Associate Engagement Survey in 2010. Staples in-house training curriculum delivered through our Organizational Development Team includes programs on management, leadership, sales, communication, personality type and customer service. Staples introduced a leading change and Train the Trainer program to support implementation of a new ERP system, a Sales Induction program and formal Ethics training. Weaknesses areas which are to be improved Effective storm water management through site drain mapping needs attention. Staples made limited progress on mapping of site drains in 2011, so this target will be maintained for 2012. Launch preliminary cultural awareness training for associates. Staples delayed our cultural awareness training until 2012 and will conduct as part of our Indigenous Employment Strategy. Reduce our Lost Time Incident Frequency Rate to 6.1. Staples reduced our Lost Time Incident Frequency Rate to 6.4. We will continue to focus on improving our safety performance. If appointed the CEO of Staples, the four Staples pillars: Ethics, Community, Environment and Diversity would be enhanced further. Strategic-management processwould be facilitated using different departments and divisions by sharing experiences and information. This new cross-functional approach to managing the Research and Development function would be a great advantage (King, K. 2000). Ways of improving performance at Staples There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country New product dimensions or packaging New distribution channels (e.g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors Increase usage by existing customers; for example by introducing loyalty schemes Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets.A successful product development strategy places the marketing emphasis on: Research development and innovation Detailed insights into customer needs (and how they change) Being first to market Information systems support business processes and operations will be enhanced by: Recording and storing accounting records including sales data, purchase data, investment data, andpayroll data. Process such records into financial statements such as income statements, balance sheets, ledgers,and management reports, etc. Recording and storing inventory data, work in process data, equipment repair and maintenancedata, supply chain data, and other production/operations records. Processing these operations records into production schedules, production controllers, inventorysystems, and production monitoring systems Also to adopt a diversification strategy that is to market new products in new markets. Therefore, one has a clear idea about what to expect to gain from the strategy and an honest assessment of the risks. However, for the right balance between risk and reward, a marketing strategy of diversification can be highly rewarding. References Small Business, Inc; Developing a Strategic Plan, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/analytical-tools-developing-strategic-plan-4608.html Micahel, P, 1987, Compto Corporate Strategy, Harvard Business Review v.65, no.3, pp. 43-59 Staples, Inc; Soul Performance, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.staples.com/sbd/cre/marketing/australia_soul/staples-soul-performance.html Small Business, Inc; Corporate Strategy, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/analytical-tools-developing-strategic-plan-4608.html Staples, Inc; How We Operate, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.staples.com/sbd/cre/marketing/australia_soul/staples-soul-how-we-operate.html Grint, K., 1997, Leadership: Classical, Contemporary and Critical Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mbs Portal, Inc; Self-Managed Learning, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.mbsportal.bl.uk/secure/subjareas/hrmemplyrelat/roffeypark/115747selfmanagedlearning98.pdf HR, Inc; Preparing a Learning Development, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://hr.per.gov.ie/files/2011/04/Guide-to-Preparing-a-Learning-and-Development-Strategy.pdf Heaacademy, Inc; Employability Enterprise, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/documents/tla/employability_enterprise/web0368_learning_and_employability_series2_pdp_and_employability.pdf Claar, J. B., (1984). Organizational design and extension administration. In B. E. Swanson (Ed.), Agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome: FAO. Drucker, P. F., (1977). People and performance. New York: Harper's College Press. Mezirow, J. (1997). Transformative learning: Theory to practice. In P. Cranton (Ed.), Transformative learning in action: Insights from practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. no. 74, pp. 512. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass King, K. (2000). The adult ESL experience: Facilitating perspective transformation in the classroom. Adult Basic Education, 10(2), 6989.

Womens Rights (3423 words) Essay Example For Students

Womens Rights (3423 words) Essay Womens RightsNot ago, in the nineteenth century, the words that our forefathers wrote in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"that all men were created equal,† held little value. Human equality was far from a reality. If you were not born of white male decent, than that phrase did not apply to you. During this period many great leaders and reformers emerged, fighting both for the rights of African Americans and for the rights of women. One of these great leaders was Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton dedicated her entire life to the women’s movement, despite the opposition she received, from both her family and friends. In the course of this paper, I will be taking a critical look at three of Stanton’s most acclaimed speeches â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments†, â€Å"Solitude of Self†, and â€Å" Home Life†, and develop a claim that the rhetoric in these speeches was an effective tool in advancing the movement as a whole. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815, in Johnstown, New York. She was born unto a conservative, Presbyterian family of considerable social standing. Her father, Judge Daniel Cady, was considered to be both a wealthy landowner and a prominent citizen with great political status (Banner 3). Stanton was one of seven children, 6 of which were girls, to be born to Daniel and Margaret. Growing up in the period that she did, Elizabeth was very fortunate to receive the outstanding education that she did since it was not as important to educate daughters as it was sons. She overcame that boundary when she began attending Johnstown Academy. She was the only girl in most of her classes, which was unheard of in those days. Even when females did attend schools, they were learning about â€Å"womanly† things, like how to run a household, not advanced math and science courses, like she was in. She then went on to further her education at a very prominent educational institution, Emma Willard’s Troy Seminary. After that she studied law with her father, who was a New York Supreme Court Judge. It is through this training that her awareness was raised about the discrimination that women were subjected to. In 1840, Elizabeth married an abolitionist organizer named Henry Stanton, much to her family’s dismay. After their marriage, Elizabeth and her husband traveled to London for a worldwide antislavery convention. It was here that she met Lucretia Mott, another well-know women’s rights reformist, who was chosen as an American delegate to the convention. They were both outraged that the female delegates that were attending this convention were denied participation because of their sex. It was at this convention that their fire was ignited and they became allies in the war against the discrimination of women’s rights. The first wave of the women’s movement is said to have begun roughly in the year 1840, and lasted through the year 1925. While the conve ntion in London sparked the fire in 1840, it was not until 1845, that the fire was a full blaze. The signature event that is believed to be the official starting point of the women’s suffrage movement was in 1848 when a group of women met in Seneca Falls, New York (Wood 66). The Senaca Falls Convention was organized by a group of women, including Stanton, that were fed up with the mistreatment of women in the antislavery battle. They were now going to primarily place their focus on the rights of women. Consequently, the movement became almost entirely white, both in interest and membership (Wood 68). It was at this first convention that Stanton delivered the Speech the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† which addressed the grievances that women had suffered under the â€Å"unjust government of men†. I will go into much greater detail concerning the specifics of this speech, later in the paper. We will write a custom essay on Womens Rights (3423 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the beginning, the women’s movement was not just a single-issue movement. Stanton realized that women were being oppressed in every aspect of their lives. Among the causes that she advocated are as follows: coeducation, girls’ sports, job training, equal wages, labor unions, birth control, cooperative nurseries and kitchens, property rights for wives, child custody rights for mothers, and reform of divorce laws (Wood 67). Many women did not find a problem with fighting for these grievances, they were, however, fearful of the suffrage issue. They felt that it was just too radical. Stanton, however, recognized the importance of the politics, due to the influence of her father, during the early years of her life. She knew that without the right to vote, or political recognition, women had little chance of advancement. Stanton and the other women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth, who organized the Seneca Falls convention, had great hopes that this c onvention would trigger â€Å"a series of conventions embracing every part of the country.† And that is exactly what happened. Women’s rights conventions were held on a regular basis from 1850 until the start of the civil war (Gurko 27). It was after the civil war, that the movement suffered a setback. The main focus of political reform that dominated after the civil war was Black suffrage. This very much so influenced the struggle for women suffrage. The abolitionists, whom the women had fought for and felt they were allies with, turned their back on the women. The abolitionist wanted nothing to do with the women’s struggle for freedom until their rights were secure. It was at this time that to women realized that gaining the right to vote had to be their most important focus. It was then that â€Å"women’s rights† became almost synonymous with â€Å"women’s suffrage†(88 DuBois). Although the alliance with the abolitionists had been broken, this disaffiliation refueled the women’s fire and made them reevaluate the substance as well as the form of the women suffrage movement. Their base of argument was no longer on â€Å"universal suffrage†, rather the suffrage of women, based on the actual grievances of women’s lives. Stanton brought into attention the sexual exploitation of women, the nature of marriage, and the need for divorce reform (DuBois 94). She made the connection between these exploitations and the need for political equality in a speech that she delivered in 1875, â€Å"Home Life†. Again, I will be addressing this speech in greater detail, later in my paper. Elizabeth Stanton was no stranger to criticism. Later in the movement she introduced many controversial beliefs that many critics would say discredited her accountability as a great leader (Banner 159). Stanton believed that organized religion had a conservative impact on society, which led women to tolerance and submission to authority, which counteracts the movement’s belief in equality. Stanton made her opinions public that she felt the church is was major cause of women’s oppression. This belief was not popular among many of the followers, thus causing them to turn against her. The later part of the nineteenth century was not an easy time for Stanton. She was heralded as being a radicalist in a time were conservatism was dominant. Stanton, realized that her time as a key leader of the movement was running out. In her most famous speech, â€Å"Solitude of Self†, which was delivered when she resigned as president of the NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage A ssociation), Stanton presented the philosophical core of her thought about women’s emancipation. She also addressed the differences between her controversial ideas and those with more conservative beliefs, that were coming to dominate the suffrage movement (187 DuBois). Her basic message in this speech was that of the necessity of equal rights for all individuals, a theme that was central to all her writings and speeches. While Stanton never did get to see the rewards of her life long struggle, the nineteenth amendment, which allowed women the right to vote, was passed nearly 20 years after her death. Her struggles and hardships she had endured were not in vein. Victory prevailed. Now that I have provided an extensive overview of Elizabeth Stanton and the women’s movement during the late nineteenth century, I will now be taking a closer look at the rhetorical components of three of Stanton’s speeches that I have just mentioned. Speeches can be extremely difficul t to analyze due to their complexity. The way that I, as a critic, intend to tackle these complexities will be by employing the following four steps: observation, analysis, interpretation and evaluation (Foss 26). .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .postImageUrl , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:hover , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:visited , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:active { border:0!important; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:active , .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud699567c486bdf5954965ebc1de4010a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: During the Holocaust, many labor and mass murder c EssayThe first speech I will focus on is her address that she delivered at the Senaca Falls convention in 1848. The â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† focuses on women’s right to demand political equality, a stand that gave feminism a clear strategy that set it upon firm ground. Stanton, while she was not the sole composer of this speech, was the main driving force behind it. Upon first observation of the speech you will notice that she carefully drafted it to closely resemble the 1776 Declaration of Independence, thus connecting the women’s campaign for equal rights directly with the American symbol of Liberty. Using this former document as a model, she utilized as much of the original wording as possible. She also created a list of eighteen of the women’s grievances, the same numbers that were in the 1776 document. By using the 1776 declaration as a model, Stanton demonstrated great persuasive technique. Thomas Jefferson, who as the author of this document, was in his own time a great reformer, and since the rhetoric had already been widely accepted once, why not try it again? Now lets take a closer look at the significant changes and implications that were made in creating the new document. In the very first paragraph, of both documents, although a slight word variation, it is set out that their intentions in this document are to â€Å"declare the causes that impel them to such a course†. The causes for Jefferson may differ in the literal sense, but in essence, they were both writing these documents on behalf of their own people, demanding freedom, whether it be fr om the tyrannical rule of King George, or the tyrannical rule of man. In the first line of the second paragraph, the original copy read, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal†, while Stanton’s copy read â€Å"that all men and women are created equal. As normal as that sentence may sound now, back in 1884, it was a controversial proclamation. The next significant change that was made was the omission of the words â€Å"among men† in the line, â€Å"to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men†. Stanton believed that males only should no longer run the government. It was time for women to gain the right to political power as well. The final notable change was in the concluding sentences before the grievances were listed. Stanton changed the original, from labeling the Colonies, as the ones who have suffered in the hands of Great Britain’s King, to read it was â€Å"the patient sufferance of th e women under this government†. By making this change it is easy to see the irony that this American government, which the people created to escape the tyrannical rule of Great Britain, was the same government that was imposing its’ own tyrannical rule over women. Like the Declaration of 1776, Stanton’s version of the Declaration included a list of women’s grievances as well. A brief statement, not found on the one 1776 document introduced the list. The statement read as follows, â€Å"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.† She then went into the list of the specifics, which included: Women not being allowed to vote, married women being dead in the eyes of the law and having no property rights, women having to submit to laws they had no choice in, and husbands having legal power and responsibility for their w ives to the extent that could imprison or beat them. These were just among the few of the eighteen grievances that were listed. I think that what Stanton was trying to point out was that these practices of mistreatment were considered to be the norm, not but 70 years after the new, idealistic democratic American Government was formed. That in essence, women were fighting for that same thing that the forefathers of our country were fighting for when they wrote the Declaration of Independence, freedom and equality. The next speech I will analyze is â€Å"Home Life†, which is a speech Stanton gave on marriage and divorce. In this speech that Stanton delivered during lecture tours in the 1870’s, she speaks of morality, motherhood, and the shaping of children’s character (Dubois 131). She touched on the subject of the role that religion plays in keeping women oppressed. This controversial belief would eventually be the cause of Stanton losing many followers. â€Å"Home life† starts off by talking about the problem at hand, â€Å"whether a man and woman are equal, joint heirs to all the richness and joy or earth and Heaven, or whether they were eternally ordained, one to be sovereign, the other slave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DuBois 132). Ultimately, this is the same problem that she addressed in the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† speech. She just says it in a much more realistic, almost disturbing, way. She is able to do this because the movement was no longer new. People were used to hearing about women’s oppression, and Stanton had to come up with new ways of people to see it for the cruel injustice that it was. One problem I see in comparing it to that of slavery is that many people of this day and age did not see slavery as wrong, therefore, by comparing to treatment of women to slavery, they may not see the treatment of women as subordinates as wrong either. The main issue that she addressed in the speech was dealing wi th the topic of marriage. She offers a very valid reason why, despite all the progress they have made thus far, their still is no equality of women in the church and state, because â€Å"men are not ready to recognize it in the home†. What she means is that by men giving into the women’s desire to gain political equality, it will thus cause them to demand more control in home life as well. Men feared this, and women yearned for it. Stanton recognized that women were being oppressed in all aspects of their lives, and that the right to vote would ultimately be the cure to all their problems, because it would lead o political liberation, which would lead to domestic liberation. Stanton argues in this speech that there needs to be a reform on whether or not marriage need be an indissoluble tie. She says that â€Å"from a woman’s standpoint, I see that marriage as an indissoluble tie is slavery for women, because law, religion, and public sentiment all combine under this relation, whatever it may be and there is no other human slavery that knows such depths of dedregation as a wife chained to a man whom she neither loves nor respects†. This to me was the most powerful part of the speech. She is making an appeal to all the women who are in a marriage in which they are unhappy, mistreated, abused, and felt they had no way out. She was putting into words what so many women of that time were feeling, helplessness. Still there was the concern that marriage was a sacred contract of the church. She addresses that concern with that statement that â€Å"the bible can be quoted on both sides†. Also she addressed the concern that marriage is a civil contract not to be broken. She raises the point that if marriage truly were a civil contract â€Å"it should be subject to the laws of all other contracts, carefully made, the parties of age, and all agreements faithfully observed. She pointed out, that on the contrary to the aforesaid, marriage is often enter into boy boys and girls twelve and fourteen years of age, without legal consent of their parents. In this speech, Stanton is very effective at addressing any doubts or questions the audience may have, without them ever having to question her. It was this ability to predict possible reasons for opposition that made her such a prominent speaker and leader in the women’s movement. In the end of this speech, she makes a final plea, that when marriage is based more on equality, then a â€Å"nobler type of manhood and womanhood will glorify the race!† This here, is great example of her attempt to widen the scope of the women’s movement, by suggesting that the equality of women will have a immense impact on all of mankind, not just women. .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .postImageUrl , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:hover , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:visited , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:active { border:0!important; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:active , .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2 .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18f231b4d37a72c9429e5e583715b5a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elderly Drivers EssayThe final speech that we will be looking at, which many consider to be one of the most moving statements of feminism, is titled â€Å"The Solitude of Self†(DuBois 246). The message of this speech was a demand for woman’s absolute self-reliance taking into account physical, emotional, financial, political, intellectual, and legal independence. Stanton argued that women must be free to take responsibility for their own lives. This speech differed greatly from many other of the speeches that she delivered, including the two that I talked about in this paper. Instead of inspiring her audience in an optimistic manner, in spoke less-then-optimistic tones about the essential isolation of each individual. She claimed that women were more vulnerable than men were because women were less prepared to defend themselves, nor were they expected to. However, according to Stanton, both sexes shared the same existential fate. No matter what laws were passes, no matter what reforms were established individuals would still be responsible for their unique and alone self. She begins the speech with the opening line â€Å"The point I wish plainly to bring before you†¦is the individuality of each human soul†. She goes on to talk about the â€Å"awful solitude† that all individuals, especially women have had to endure over the course of their life, especially during: childhood, marriage, childbirth, widowhood, old age, poverty, catastrophe, and death. She also speaks of the importance of education in this speech. She believes that women need to be properly educated, because women need not be dependent on no one but themselves. It is in the course of this discussion that Stanton acknowledges that not all women prefer independence, some prefer â€Å"to lean, to be protected and supported†. She says that regardless of what the woman desires, she must know how to and be able to support herself, because truly all people are alone in this world. Stanton also used the political implications of self-sovereignty to counter-act the claim that men, could use their ability to vote and make laws, to act on the behalf of women. Acc ording to Stanton beliefs, no one could represent anyone else but themselves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a pioneer in the modern quest for women’s rights. She is one of the few women whose impact on the shaping of America has been generally acknowledged, and rightfully so. Her social vision was to liberate society from false perceptions, outdated customs, unjust laws and false religious doctrines. Through analysis of three of Stanton’s speeches all these visions became quite clear. Unfortunately, Stanton did not live long enough to see her ultimate goal attained, the end to women’s suffrage, it is cleat to me that it was the rhetoric of Stanton’s speeches that advanced the movement to where it is today. BibliographyBanner, Lois W. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, A Radical for Women’s Rights. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. DuBois, Ellen, ed. Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony: Correspondence, Writings, Speeches. NY: SchockenBooks, 1981. Foss, Sonja. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice. Illinois: Waveland Press, 1989. Gurko, Miriam. The Ladies of Seneca Falls: The Birth ofThe Women’s Rights Movement. NY: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1974. Wood, Julia. Gendered Lives. NY: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. American History